Selections from Patterns of Global Terrorism
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Patterns of Global Terrorism covered the law enforcement as-pect of the U S response to terrorism Relevant excerpts from 1987 and 1996-2003 are included below
From Patterns of Global Terrorism 1987
Successful Terrorist Prosecutions in 1987
January
■Two Montreal-resident Sikhs were given life sentences for plotting to blow up an airplane at an unnamed US air-port (Canada)
■One of two defendants suspected of involvement in the 1985 bombing of several local cafes that left 10 dead, was convicted and sentenced to death (Kuwait)
February
■Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction (LARF) leader Georges Abdallah was given a life sentence for his involve-ment in the 1982 assassination of a US and an Israeli diplomat (France)
■A Lebanese terrorist, arrested at Milan airport attempting to smuggle plastic explosives into Italy was sentenced to a 13-year prison term (Italy)
May
■Two Abu Nidal terrorists were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the December 1985 Vienna airport massacre (Austria)
■A Jordanian terrorist was sentenced to 15 years in jail for the 1985 attempted rocket attack on the Jordanian Em-bassy in Rome (Italy)
June
■Action Directe (AD) terrorist Regis Schleicher was sen-tenced to life for the 1983 Paris shooting spree in which two died (France)
■Three Basque separatists were convicted for terrorist ac-tivities with sentences ranging to 25 years (Spain)
■Of 16 defendants suspected of involvement in the 1986- 87 oilfield bombings, 14 were convicted Sentences ranged from two years to life imprisonment, in addition to six sentenced to death (two in absentia) (Kuwait)
July
■Prosecutions began for the ve Abu Nidal terrorists in-volved in the attempted hijacking of a Pan Am ight in Karachi in which many passengers and crew died [The ve terrorists were sentenced to death in 1988 ] (Pakistan)
October
■Neo-Nazi terrorist Odfried Hepp was sentenced to 10 and a half years for a 1982 car bombing that seriously wounded a US soldier (West Germany)
■An Abu Musa terrorist was sentenced to 47 years for his 1986 attempt to blow up an El Al jet at Madrid airport (Spain)
November
■An Armenian terrorist involved in the 1986 attempted bombing of the Turkish Consulate General in Melbourne was sentenced to life imprisonment (Australia)
December
■The trial began for the sole surviving Abu Nidal terrorist involved in the December 1985 Rome airport massacre [He received a 30-year prison sentence in early 1988, while two accomplices including Abu Nidal were sen-tenced in absentia to life ] (Italy)
From Patterns of Global Terrorism 1996
The Year in Review
On 19 July a US district court in Washington, DC, convicted Omar Mohammed Ali Rezaq of air piracy in connection with the 1985 terrorist hijacking of Egypt Air Flight 648. The Athens-to-Cairo flight was diverted to Malta by Rezaq and two other hijackers. On the plane, Rezaq separated US and Israeli passengers from the others and shot them in the head at point blank range. One US citizen and one Israeli died; two US citizens and one Israeli survived their wounds.When Egyptian commandos stormed the plane, dozens more died. Rezaq, the sole surviving hijacker, was tried and convicted in Malta on various charges and sentenced to 25 years in prison, but he was released after serving only seven years. With cooperation from the Governments of Nigeria and Ghana, FBI agents arrested Rezaq in Nigeria in 1993 and brought him to the United States to be tried for air piracy. Rezaq, a member of the Abu Nidal organization, claimed at his trial that he had suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder and was therefore insane at the time he hijacked the airplane. He further claimed that, because of his insanity, he could not be held criminally liable for his conduct. The jury found Rezaq guilty and rejected his claim that he was insane at the time he committed the crime. In October Rezaq was sentenced to life imprisonment.
On 5 September Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, Abdul Hakim Murad, and Wali Khan Amin Shah were convicted of a terrorist conspiracy to plant bombs aboard a number of US passenger airliners operating in East Asia. Yousef also was found guilty of placing a bomb aboard a Philippine airliner bound for Tokyo in December 1995 that exploded in midair, killing one person and injuring several others.This bombing was intended as a “trial run” for the planned multiple attacks against US aircraft, which were to take place over two days.Yousef is awaiting trial on charges that he was involved in the bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993.
On 22 September an Asian country turned over to US custody suspected Japanese Red Army terrorist Tsutomu Shirosaki to stand trial for a 1986 mortar attack against the US Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
From Patterns of Global Terrorism 1997
The Year in Review
Several notable trials of international terrorist suspects in the United States also took place during the year:
On 12 November a federal jury in Manhattan convicted Ramzi AhmedYousef of directing and helping to carry out the WorldTrade Center bombing in 1993. Eyad Mahmoud Ismail Najim, who drove the truck that carried the bomb, was also found guilty.Yousef was extradited to the United States from Pakistan in February 1995; Najim was arrested in Jordan in August of that year pursuant to an extradition request from the United States, and he was returned to the United States. (In January 1998 Yousef was sentenced to 240 years in solitary confinement for his role in theWorldTrade Center bombing. He also received an additional sentence of life imprisonment for his previous conviction in a terrorist conspiracy to plant bombs aboard US passenger airliners operating in East Asia.)
In June 1997 US authorities arrested Mir Aimal Kansi, the suspected gunman in the attack on 25 January 1993 outside Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Headquarters that killed two CIA employees and wounded three others. Kansi was apprehended abroad, remanded into US custody, and transported to the United States to stand trial. In November a jury in Fairfax,Virginia, found Kansi guilty of the capital murder of Frank A. Darling, the first degree murder of Lansing H. Bennett, and the malicious wounding of Nicholas Starr, Calvin R. Morgan, and Stephen E. Williams, as well as five firearms charges. [In January 1998, Kansi was sentenced to death.]
A member of the Japanese Red Army terrorist organization, Tsutomu Shirosaki, was turned over to US authorities in 1996 in an Asian country and brought to the United States to stand trial for the improvised mortar attacks against the US Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 14 May 1986.The projectiles landed on the roof and in a courtyard but failed to explode. In November a US federal court in Washington, DC, found Shirosaki guilty of all charges, including attempted murder of US Embassy personnel and attempting to harm a US Embassy. [In February 1998 Shirosaki was sentenced to a 30-year prison term.]
From Patterns of Global Terrorism 1998
Introduction: US Diplomatic Efforts
On 24 August, Secretary Albright, in an effort to bring to justice the two Libyans suspected in the Pan Am 103 bombing,announced a joint US-UK proposal to try them in the Netherlands before a Scottish court with Scottish judges applying Scottish law. The Arab League, the Organization of African Unity, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, and the Non-Aligned Movement endorsed the proposal. At yearend, however, Libya continued to defy UN Security Council resolutions by refusing to turn over the suspects for trial.
The Year In Review
On 4 November indictments were returned before the US District Court for the Southern District of New York in connection with the two US Embassy bombings in Africa. Charged in the indictment were: Usama Bin Ladin, his military commander Muhammad Atef, and al-Qaida members Wadih El Hage, Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, Mohammed Sadeek Odeh, and Mohamed Rashed Daoud al-Owhali.Two of these suspects, Odeh and al-Owhali, were turned over to US authorities in Kenya and brought to the United States to stand trial. Another suspect, Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, was arrested in Germany in September and extradited to the United States in December. On 16 December five others were indicted for their role in the Dar es Salaam Embassy bombing: Mustafa Mohammed Fadhil, Khalfan Khamis Mohamed, Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani, Fahid Mohommed Ally Msalam, and Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan.
In June, Mohammed Rashid was turned over to US authorities overseas and brought to the United States to stand trial on charges of planting a bomb in 1982 on a Pan Am flight from Tokyo to Honolulu that detonated, killing one passenger and wounding 15 others. Rashid had served part of a prison term in Greece in connection with the bombing until that country released him from prison early and expelled him in December 1996, in a move the United States called “incomprehensible.” The nine-count US indictment against Rashid charges him with murder, sabotage, bombing, and other crimes in connection with the Pan Am explosion.
Three additional persons convicted in the bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993 were sentenced last year. Eyad Mahmoud Ismail Najim, who drove the explosive-laden van into the World Trade Center, was sentenced to 240 years in prison and ordered to pay $10 million in restitution and a $250,000 fine. Mohammad Abouhalima, who was convicted as an accessory for driving his brother to the Kennedy International Airport knowing he had participated in the bombing, was sentenced to eight years in prison. Ibrahim Ahmad Suleiman received a 10-month sentence on two counts of perjury for lying to the grand jury investigating the bombing.
In May, Abdul Hakim Murad was sentenced to life in prison without parole for his role in the failed conspiracy in January 1995 to blow up a dozen US airliners over the Pacific Ocean. Murad received an additional 60-year sentence for his role and was fined $250,000. Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, who was convicted previously in this conspiracy and for his role in the World Trade Center bombing in 1993, is serving a life prison term.
From Patterns of Global Terrorism 1999
The Year in Review: Law Enforcement
The United States brought the rule of law to bear against international terrorists in several ongoing cases throughout the year:
On 19 May the US District Court in the Southern District of New York unsealed an indictment against Ali Mohammed, charging him with conspiracy to kill U.S. nationals overseas. Ali, suspected of being a member of Usama Bin Ladin’s al-Qaida terrorist organization, had been arrested in the United States in September 1998 after testifying before a grand jury concerning the U.S. Embassy bombings in East Africa.
Authorities apprehended Khalfan Khamis Mohamed in South Africa on 5 October, after a joint investigation by the Department of State’s Diplomatic Security Bureau, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and South African law enforcement authorities. U.S. officials brought him to New York to face charges in connection with the bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, on 7 August 1998.
Three additional suspects in the Tanzanian and Kenyan U.S. Embassy bombings currently are in custody in the United Kingdom, pending extradition to the United States: Khalid Al-Fawwaz, Adel Mohammed Abdul Almagid Bary, and Ibrahim Hussein Abdelhadi Eidarous. Eight other suspects, including Usama Bin Ladin, remain at large. The FBI added Bin Ladin to its Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list in June. The Department of State’s Rewards for Justice program pays up to $5 million for information that leads to the arrest or conviction of these and other terrorist suspects.
On 15 October, Siddig Ibrahim Siddig Ali was sentenced to 11 years in prison for his role in a plot to bomb New York City landmarks and to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in 1993. Siddig Ali was arrested in June 1993 on conspiracy charges and pleaded guilty in February 1995 to all charges against him. His cooperation with authorities helped prosecutors convict Shaykh Umar Abd al-Rahman and nine others for their roles in the bombing conspiracy.
In September the US Justice Department informed Hani al-Sayegh, a Saudi Arabian citizen, that he would be removed from the United States and sent to Saudi Arabia. Authorities expelled him from the United States to Saudi Arabia on 11 October, where he remains in custody. He faces charges there in connection with the attack in June 1996 on U.S. forces in Khubar, Saudi Arabia, that killed 19 U.S. citizens and wounded more than 500 others. Al-Sayegh was paroled into the United States from Canada in June 1997. After he failed to abide by an initial plea agreement with the Justice Department concerning a separate case, the State Department terminated his parole in October 1997 and placed him in removal proceedings.
From Patterns of Global Terrorism 2000
The Year in Review
In December new indictments were issued in connection with the bombings in 1998 at two US embassies in East Africa. A federal grand jury in New York charged five men—Saif Al Adel, Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah, Ahmed Mohamed Hamed Ali, Anas Al Liby, and Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah—in connection with the bombing attacks in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, bringing to 22 the total number of persons charged. At the end of 2000, one suspect had pled guilty to conspiring in the attacks, five were in custody in New York awaiting trial, three were in the United Kingdom pending extradition to the United States, and 13 were fugitives, including Usama Bin Ladin.
A trial began in January 2001 in federal court in the Southern District of New York of four suspects in connection with the bombings at the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Three of the four were extradited to the United States in 1999 to stand trial; the fourth was arrested in this country. The trial is expected to last through 2001.
A trial of two Libyans accused of bombing Pan Am flight 103 in 1988 began in the Netherlands on 3 May 2000. A Scottish court presided over the trial and issued its verdict on 31 January 2001. It found Abdel Basset al-Megrahi guilty of the charge of murdering 259 passengers and crew as well as 11 residents of Lockerbie, Scotland, “while acting in furtherance of the purposes of . . . Libyan Intelligence Services.” Concerning the other defendant, Al-Amin Kalifa Fahima, the court concluded it had insufficient evidence to satisfy the high standard of “proof beyond reasonable doubt” that is necessary in criminal cases.The verdict of the court represents a victory for the international effort to hold terrorists accountable for their crimes.
From Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001
Introduction: Law Enforcement
The world’s law-enforcement professionals have launched a global dragnet to identify, arrest, and bring terrorists to justice.
In the United States, the FBI has led the law-enforcement engagement, working with all federal, state, and local lawenforcement agencies. More than 7000 FBI Agents and support personnel have worked diligently with their US and foreign law-enforcement partners to unravel the planning leading to the execution of the 9/11 operation, as well as to interdict other al-Qaida cells and operatives in the US and around the world. Their enhanced law-enforcement efforts, and cooperative work by officials around the world, have resulted in the apprehension of more than 1000 suspected terrorists and the breakup of al-Qaida and other terrorist cells. Many of these arrests, to include that of Zacarias Moussaoui, a suspected al-Qaida operative in the operation, are described in this report.
During 2001 and through March 2002, Secretary Powell designated or redesignated 33 groups as foreign terrorist organizations under the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. The designations make it a criminal offense to provide funds or other material support to such organizations, require US financial institutions to block the funds of the groups, and make members of the groups ineligible for US visas and, if they are aliens, deportable.
On 26 October the US Congress enacted the USA PATRIOT Act, which significantly expands the ability of US law enforcement to investigate and prosecute persons who engage in terrorist acts. On 5 December, in accordance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Secretary Powell designated 39 groups as “terrorist exclusion list” organizations.The legal consequences of the designations relate to immigration, and they strengthen the US ability to exclude supporters of terrorism from entering the country or to deport them if they are found within our borders.
The United States brought to conclusion the prosecution of four al-Qaida members for the bombing of the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. In May, in a courtroom within sight of the World Trade Center, guilty verdicts were handed down on all 302 counts in the trial of the bombing suspects, and all were sentenced to life in prison.
Extraditions and Renditions
Table 1 below, from Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001, details the extraditions (legal transfer of suspects from one country to another) and renditions (clandestine transfer of suspects from one country to another) of terrorists to the United States from 1993 through 2001.
From Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002
Introduction: Law Enforcement
An impressive global dragnet has tightened around al-Qaida. Since September 11 more than 3,000 al-Qaida operatives or associates have been detained in more than 100 countries, largely as a result of cooperation among law-enforcement agencies.
Entire cells have been wrapped up in nations such as Singapore, Italy, and elsewhere. In all these cells, deadly attacks on US interests or our allies were being planned.
In the United States, the rule of law is being applied relentlessly against terrorists. For example, US Attorney General John Ashcroft called 4 October “a defining day in America’s war on terrorism.” On that day, the United States convicted would-be shoe bomber Richard Reid; sentenced American Taliban John Walker Lindh; and neutralized a suspected al-Qaida terrorist cell in Portland, Oregon.Another alleged al-Qaida cell was uncovered and its members arrested in Lackawanna, New York, during the summer.
Table 1 Extraditions and Renditions of Terrorists to the United States, 1993-2001(1)
1 Eds. Note: Extradition is the surrender of an individual from one State in response to a formal demand made by another State that the individual must face prosecution or serve a sentence. Rendition is the clandestine capture and extradition of suspects to a third country for detention and interrogation. Renditions are undertaken without due process, but are legal when the countries involved agree to the exercise. Covert activities without the knowledge of the country in which the suspect resides is illegal, but takes place both in developed countries that object to the practice and in less developed countries with poor infrastructure.The distinction between a rendition and an extraordinary rendition is merely of degree, namely, knowingly sending a suspect to a country specifically so they will be tortured.
Since the previous Patterns of Global Terrorism report was issued, the United States designated several additional groups as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs), including the Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army, Jemaah Islamiya, and Lashkar I Jhangvi.The Lashkar I Jhangvi is responsible for the kidnapping and murder of American journalist Daniel Pearl in 2002.The FTO designation carries several legal consequences: it is unlawful for US persons to knowingly provide funds and other material support to designated groups; members of these groups are ineligible for US visas; and US financial institutions must block the funds of the groups.
From Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003
Introduction: Law Enforcement
The greatly increased law enforcement cooperation among nations that followed the 9/11 attacks continued to expand throughout 2003.
Al-Qaida is no longer the organization it once was, largely due to such cooperation. Most of the group’s senior leadership is dead or in custody, its membership on the run, and its capabilities sharply degraded. More than 3,400 al-Qaida suspects have been arrested or detained worldwide. In the United States, international terrorist suspects repeatedly faced the rule of law:
■ In February, the Department of Justice (DOJ) announced the indictment of the alleged North American leader of the Palestine Islamic Jihad, Sami Al-Arian, and seven coconspirators. The indictment charges them with operating a racketeering enterprise that has supported numerous violent terrorist activities since 1984. Al-Arian and three others were placed under arrest.
■ In March, DOJ announced the indictment and arrest of three members of the Army for the Liberation of Rwanda for the brutal murder in 1999 of two American tourists in Uganda.
■ In May, a naturalized American citizen, Iyman Faris, pled guilty to surveilling a New York City bridge for al-Qaida, and in October he was sentenced to 20 years for providing material support to that group and conspiring to give them information about possible US targets for attack.
■ Also in May, the Justice Department unsealed a 50-count indictment against two Yemeni nationals for the bombing in October 2000 of the USS Cole that killed 17 American sailors and wounded more than 40.
■ In November, two Yemeni suspects were extradited from Germany to the United States on federal charges of conspiring to provide material support to al-Qaida and HAMAS.
■ Throughout the year, numerous members of terrorist cells that were disrupted in Detroit, Portland, Buffalo, and Seattle pled guilty to or were convicted of charges of conspiracy to provide material support to terrorists, including al-Qaida and the Taliban.