Overview of Terrorist Financing

出处：按学科分类—政治、法律 BERKSHIREPUBLISHINGGROUP《PatternsofGlobalTerrorism1985-2005：U.S.DepartmentofStateReportswithSupplementaryDocumentsandStatistics》第111页（3897字）

Anna Sabasteanski

Terrorist attacks are not expensive. The United Nations Security Council’s Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team reports:

Only the sophisticated attacks of 11 September 2001 required significant funding of over six figures. Other AlQaida terrorist operations have been far less expensive. The simultaneous truck bombings of the United States embassies in Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania in August 1998 are estimated to have cost less than $50,000; the October 2000 attack on the USS Cole in Aden less than $10,000; the Bali bombings in October 2002 less than $50,000; the 2003 bombing of the Marriott Hotel in Jakarta about $30,000; the November 2003 attacks in Istanbul less than $40,000; and the March 2004 attacks in Madrid about $10,000. (U.N. Security Council, First Report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team Appointed Pursuant to Resolution 1526 (2004) Concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and Associated Individuals and Entities (New York: United Nations), 12. Report S/2004/679, August 2004.)

It is easier to cut off large fiows of money than small ones; because terrorist groups require relatively little capital, stopping terrorist financing is particularly difcult. The Financial Action Task Force (http://www.oecd.org/fatf/TerFinance_en. htm), which describes itself as an international policy-making body “whose purpose is the development and promotion of national and international policies to combat money laundering and terrorist financing,” has developed the following special recommendations on terrorist financing:

■ Take immediate steps to ratify and implement the relevant United Nations instruments.

■ Criminalize the financing of terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist organizations.

■ Freeze and confiscate terrorist assets.

■ Report suspicious transactions linked to terrorism.

■ Provide the widest possible range of assistance to other countries’ law enforcement and regulatory authorities for terrorist financing investigations.

■ Impose anti-money laundering requirements on alternative remittance systems.

■ Strengthen customer identification measures in international and domestic wire transfers.

■ Ensure that entities, in particular non-profit organizations, cannot be misused to finance terrorism.

In the U.S. Department of State, the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, the Counterterrorism Finance Unit, and the Public Designations Unit work together and with other government agencies to try to stop financing of terrorist attacks. Each of these entities has a special focus: the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism works closely with other governments to cut off the fiow of money and other material support to terrorists; the Counterterrorism Fifinance Unit coordinates the delivery of technical assistance and training to governments around the world that seek to improve their ability to thwart terrorist financing; and the Public Designations Unit takes a leadership role working with the Department of Treasury and the Department of Justice to designate foreign terrorist organizations and their supporters.

The United States’ efforts to counter the financing of terrorism are described in the excerpts from U.S. State Department documents in the pages that follow. The excerpts are followed by a description of how the United States is implementing the 2004 US-EU Declaration on Combating Terrorism and then by discussions of narcoterrorism and testimony on money laundering and terrorist financing in the Middle East and South Asia.