Narcoterrorism
出处：按学科分类—政治、法律 BERKSHIREPUBLISHINGGROUP《PatternsofGlobalTerrorism1985-2005：U.S.DepartmentofStateReportswithSupplementaryDocumentsandStatistics》第117页（3473字）
From Patterns of Global Terrorism 1989
Although primarily motivated for criminal reasons, tactics of terror were increasingly adopted by narcotics traffickers in Colombia during the second half of 1989, in an attempt to pressure the government not to impede their activities. After violent attacks directed at judges, police, and governmental officials, the administration of Virgilio Barco invoked state of siege laws under the presidential decree powers. Just as the government was about to announce these tougher decrees, the narcos escalated their violence on 18 August by assassinating the leading presidential candidate.The government immediately implemented the new decrees providing for the extradition of narcofugitives and the forfeiture of narcoassets. It conducted massive raids against large narcoproperties and extradited to the United States the first of several individuals wanted here on drug-related charges.
In retaliation, the narcos further escalated their actions with terrorist bombings in major cities—over 200 bombs exploding in a three-month period—and selectively assassinated opinion makers, including leading journalists, magistrates, and one congressman. Narcos were responsible for several kidnappings, including the eldest son of one of President Barco’s closest advisers.
Five narcoterrorist attacks caused both inadvertent and deliberate harm to US citizens and facilities in Colombia. Two US journalists were among several injured when a bomb went off in a Medellin restaurant in September. It is unclear whether the US reporters, who were with Colombian journalists, were the target of the attack. The restaurant is known, however, to be frequented by foreign journalists. In a suspected narco attack on 17 September, a rocket was fired at the US Embassy in Bogota, probably as a warning to US officials to stay out of the Colombian drug war.
On 6 December, the narcos detonated an 1,100-pound bomb in front of the Bogota headquarters of the security police (equivalent to the FBI) during the morning rush hour, killing 63 people and wounding several hundred. Narcos are suspected of responsibility for the midair explosion of anAvianca airliner in late November in which all 111 persons onboard perished. The narcos may have targeted the aircraft believing that a number of police informerswere on board. Despite these atrocities, by yearend the Colombian Government could count some key successes against trafficker-related violence.
Just as narcotraffickers can adopt the tactics of terror, so can terrorists involve themselves in the business of narcotrafficking. In Peru, Sendero Luminoso reportedly acts as an intermediary between the peasant growers in the Upper Huallaga Valley and the drug traffickers, winning higher prices for the growers, taking a cut of the profits, and providing protection. Colombia’s M-19 has cooperated with traffickers in the past to gain money and weapons, while another group, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), has well-documented ties to drug trafficking.
In the Middle East, Hizballah allows opium to be grown in areas of the Bekaa Valley, after which it is refined into heroin and shipped out of Lebanon. Estimates of annual Hizballah profits from this activity range up to several tens of millions of dollars.