Overview of International Response

出处：按学科分类—政治、法律 BERKSHIREPUBLISHINGGROUP《PatternsofGlobalTerrorism1985-2005：U.S.DepartmentofStateReportswithSupplementaryDocumentsandStatistics》第142页（2777字）

Anna Sabasteanski

The development of terrorism as an international phenomenon began in Europe in the 1970s, when groups such as the Irish Republican Army, Action Directe, the Red Brigades, ETA and others collaborated with one another for training, financing, and operational support, including assistance in attacks in multiple countries (described in the Country Reports and Chronology of Significant Terrorists Incidents.) National liberation groups such as the African National Congress (ANC) and various Palestinian organizations established bases in Europe from which to conduct their campaigns, including accepted political activities. In the Middle East, an increasing number of attacks connected to the unresolved Palestinian problem targeted both states supporting Israel and Palestinians willing to negotiate or attempt a peaceful resolution. International travel and international communications, while bringing the world’s peoples closer together, also made possible the increasingly international and disassociated form of contemporary terrorism we see today.

The ways in which the United States interacts with the international community are described below, followed by documents detailing the international response to the September 11 attacks, U.N. action against terrorism, and international counterterrorism legislation.

U.S. Efforts

U.S. initiatives to expand international cooperation in combating terrorism were driven by the highprofile and longrunning hostage takings in Iran (1979-1980) and Lebanon (during the civil war), the downing of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland (1988), and the East African embassy bombings (1998). The United States sought legal cooperation, international sanctions, and other diplomatic measures.

Over the years, the organizations with which the United States has cooperated in the international response to terrorism have included the following:

■ African Union (formerly the Organization of African Unity, OAU)

■ Arab League

■ Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

■ European Union (EU)

■ Group of 8 (G-8)

■ International Monetary Fund (IMF)

■ Interpol

■ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

■ Nonaligned Movement

■ Organization of American States (OAS)

■ Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)

■ Various United Nations agencies

■ World Bank