Overview of Casualties
出处：按学科分类—政治、法律 BERKSHIREPUBLISHINGGROUP《PatternsofGlobalTerrorism1985-2005：U.S.DepartmentofStateReportswithSupplementaryDocumentsandStatistics》第979页（4137字）
This set of graphs includes the following illustrations: total number of deaths and injuries by region (1968- 2004); number of deaths by region (1968-2004); number of injuries by region (1968-2004); international casualties by region (1988-2004); anti-U.S. casualties (1988- 2004); and percentage of anti-U.S. casualties compared to the total (1988-2004).
In line with the rapid increase in the number of incidents, casualty numbers have been on the rise across the globe. Peaks in the numbers are tied to specific attacks. For example: n In 1979, Mecca’s Grand Mosque attack killed 158 and injured 560.
■ The 1985 Air India bombing by Sikh extremists killed 329 people.
■ In 1988, the Pan Am 103 “Lockerbie” bombing killed 270 and injured 12.
■ In 1998, al-Qaeda bombed U.S. Embassies in Africa, killing 303 people and injuring more than 5,000.
■ The 2001 al-Qaeda attacks against the United States killed 2,749 and injured 2,261.
■ The October 2002 Jemaah Islamiah bombings in Bali killed 202 and injured 300 (mostly tourists).
■ In 2004, the Madrid bombings by al-Qaeda killed 191 and injured 600.
■ The Chechen separatist siege of the Beslan school in Russia left 331 people dead, mostly children, and 727 injured.
Apart from the extraordinary toll of the 2001 attacks against the United States, U.S. casualties constitute a relatively small part of the whole, although they are increasing. (Military casualties are not included in these reports.)
Anti-U.S. data was taken from annual Patterns of Global Terrorism. Specific detail is not available for all years, although the general trends are discussed in the annual regional overviews and country reports. (The 1968-1997 data covers only international incidents while 1998-present includes domestic incidents.).
The international data is retrieved from the National Counterterrorism Center’s (NCTC) Worldwide Incidents Tracking System (WITS) and the MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base that integrates data from the RAND Terrorism Chronology and RAND-MIPT Terrorism Incident databases.
Table developed in part from data retrieved from the MIPT errorism Knowledge Base in September 2005.
We have grouped this data into five standard regions: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Middle East. In both Patterns and in WITS, regional designations may vary. For example, Egypt is variously considered Middle East and North Africa. We did not normalize this data. Americas includes North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Europe used to be divided between East and West. For this analysis, Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union joined Western Europe. The independent states east of the Caucasus that were created after the collapse of the Soviet Union (Central Asia) are included in Asia, while the Caucasus states and those to the west, including the Russian Federation, are included in Europe. In addition to Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania are incorporated in the general regional category of Asia.
NCTC’s methodology is described in full at the NCTC website, http://www.tkb.org/NCTCMethodology.jsp, including how casualties are treated. It points out particular difficulties in Iraq and Afghanistan, where comprehensive information is hard to find and it is difficult to “distinguish terrorism from the numerous other forms of violence, including crime and sectarian violence.” In Iraq, citizens “participate in both the Abu Musab al-Zarqawi terrorist network as well as the Baathist, former-regime-elements insurgency, targeting both civilians and combatants and often affecting both populaces. Therefore, some combatants may be included as victims in some incidents, when their presence was incidental to an attack intended for noncombatants.”